Unit+1

Unit 1 The Properties of Fluids 

Let's Revisit: Thermodynamics
The random vibrational and rotational motions of the molecules that make up an object of substance have energy; this energy is called thermal energy. When thermal energy moves from one place to another, it’s called heat, Q. When an object receives an amount of heat, its temperature, T, rises. Kelvin (K), Celsius (C), and Fahrenheit (F) are temperature scales. Chapter 1 Pages 1-21





As stated: Fluids can be a solid, liquid, or gas so we have to keep in mind of transitioning from one to the other = phase change What type of heat is necessary for the change of state for matter.......... LATENT HEAT

Simply raising the temperature of a fluid is SENSIBLE HEAT but it does not produce a phase change. Which of the two types of heat requires more BTU's??????? LATENT HEAT Three very important terms to know as we progress through this class:
 * Condensing - conditions are such that more molecules are returning to a liquid than are escaping. VAPOR to LIQUID
 * Vaporizing - conditions are such that more molecules are escaping a liquid than are returning. LIQUID to VAPOR
 * Equilibrium - conditions are such that number of molecules escaping the liquid are equal to the number of molecules returning to the liquid. In other words: condensation and vaporization are in balance with each other and consequently there is no net change in the volumes of either liquid or gas.

__**Boiling Point**__ is defined as: the constant temperature at which a given liquid is COMPLETELY transformed into a vapor. So what is actually occurring? A liquid boils when the VAPOR PRESSURE of a fluid becomes equal to the the pressure exerted upon the liquid by its surroundings. __**FREEZING POINT**__ is also the material's MELTING POINT. Point at which a liquid turns solid or solid becomes liquid. HYDRATES!
 * Example: Sea Level pressure 14.7 psi water boils at 212 F

__**Combustion**__ - is a chemical reaction between a combustible material and oxygen
 * Requirements: IGNITION SOURCE, FUEL, and OXYGEN
 * Natural gas which is mostly composed of METHANE is preferred because it is highly combustible and thus has a higher HEATING VALUE = BTU's

__**COMPLETE or INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION**__ - ability of a furnace to completely convert all carbon into Carbon Dioxide and all Hydrogen into water. Oxygen is the limiting factor with this
 * Boiler and Fired Heater Operations typically require 2.5 % excess Oxygen
 * So: Natural Gas is classified by its heating value = BTU's = Higher the Heating Value the more complete combustion is.
 * High Nitrogen content and/or Carbon Dioxide content within Natural Gas lowers the Heating Value of the Natural Gas and thus lowers combustion efficiencies which provide lower BTU content.

**__Flammability__** - how easily ignition or combustion will occur for a given substance.
 * Hydrocarbon fuels typically require a 1-15% of the total air/fuel ratio. Flammability Range Which means there is far more air present than gas.
 * __**Flash Point**__ - is the Temperature at which sufficient gas vapors are produced to cause a momentary spark or flash but not enough for continued combustion
 * __**Fire Point**__ - Lowest Temperature at which vapors are produced for continuous combustion

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Advanced 3D Seismic Imaging

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"ANE" "ENE" "YNE" We have discussed the organic prefixes and their meanings: Ex. meth, eth, prop, but, pent etc... So let's take the next step: ane ene and yne. Ane contain single bonds between carbon, ene contain double bonds between carbon and yne contain triple bonds between carbons. How is this useful for the natural gas industry? [|Check out this video]Check out this video __Assessment for Unit 1__: You need to find an "alternative application" for Natural Gas other than simply cooking our food and heating our buildings. You should find two articles on your subject (which need to be submitted with your paper). Your paper should include an overview of the process and it what ways it would be beneficial. Also include what are current drawbacks to this application, and finally what your perspective or opinion is on your topic. Minimum of two pages, Times Roman Font 12, double spaced, 1 inch margins.